Electrochemical behavior of ammonium formate as a potential fuel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Ammonium formate systematically studied as a novel hydrogen-rich fuel. • Demonstrated performance in membrane-free electrochemical cells. • Effect of fuel concentration and operating temperature investigated. • Stable short-term operation without noble-metal catalysts. • Potential for low-cost and scalable clean energy applications. This study investigates ammonium formate (NH 4 HCO 2 ) as a promising hydrogen-rich fuel for membrane-free electrochemical energy conversion. Owing to its low cost, high solubility, and its role as a chemical hydrogen source, ammonium formate presents a significant potential as a scalable alternative to conventional fuels. In this work, its electrochemical behavior is evaluated in an H-type cell under varying temperature and concentration conditions, with two electrode configurations, stainless steel-stainless steel (SS-SS) and aluminum–stainless steel (Al-SS). The performance is assessed through voltage–time profiles, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Al-SS system achieves the highest power density of ∼200 mW.cm −2 and a current density of ∼275 mA.cm −2 at 80 °C with 30 g of fuel, whereas the SS-SS setup demonstrates improved voltage stability corresponding to a power density of ∼170 mW.cm −2 . Moreover, increasing the reaction temperature from 30 °C to 80 °C increases the electrical conductivity from 0.28 S.cm −1 to 0.85 S.cm −1 . Similarly, increasing the ammonium formate concentration from 5 g to 30 g increases the electrical conductivity from 0.05 S.cm −1 to 0.28 S.cm −1 . These results confirm the viability of ammonium formate as a thermally tunable and cost-effective fuel for sustainable, membrane-free fuel cell applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".