Coastal Eutrophic Ecosystem as an Overlooked Pool of Atmospheric Formic Acid: Disentangling Biogenic and Abiotic Contributions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formic acid (HCOOH), a key driver of secondary organic aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei formation, is systematically underestimated in atmospheric models due to inadequate source characterization. To address this gap, an integrated field campaign was conducted at a South China Sea (SCS) coastal site during the summer, focusing on gaseous HCOOH (HCOOH g ). Measurements revealed that the average concentrations of HCOOH g reached as high as 6.7 μg/m 3 and 4.0 μg/m 3 under land and marine breeze, respectively. On marine breeze days, HCOOH g exhibited significant correlations with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and particulate organic carbon (POC) in seawater, implicating dual production pathways from both biogenic activities of phytoplankton and abiotic processes of dissolved organic matter degradation. Quantification of marine-sourced HCOOH g revealed that these processes collectively accounted for around 16% of HCOOH g, with abiotic contributions double the biogenic contributions. Based on the established parametrization linking HCOOH g to marine tracers (POC and Chl-a), the spatial distribution of marine-sourced HCOOH g was extrapolated over the SCS, identifying pronounced hotspots in eutrophic coastal regions. This work reveals the coastal eutrophic ecosystem as a pivotal yet unaccounted HCOOH g source, emphasizing the necessity of coupling the interactions between marine biogeochemical processes and atmospheric chemical components into air quality and climate modeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".