Electrochemical Performances of Li-Ion Batteries Based on LiFePO4 Cathodes Supported by Bio-Sourced Activated Carbon from Millet Cob (MC) and Water Hyacinth (WH)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries employing LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes supported by bio-sourced activated carbon derived from millet cob (MC) and water hyacinth (WH) were systematically investigated. Carbon activation was carried out using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at varying mass ratios of KOH to precursor material: 1:1, 2:1, and 5:1 for both WH and MC-derived carbon. The physical properties (X-ray diffraction patterns, BET surface area, micropore and mesopore volume, conductivity, etc.) and electrochemical performance (specific capacity, discharge at various current rates, electrochemical impedance measurement, etc.) were determined. Material characterization revealed that the activated carbon derived from MC exhibits an amorphous structure, whereas that obtained from WH is predominantly crystalline. High specific surface areas were achieved with activated carbons synthesized using a low KOH-to-carbon mass ratio (1:1), reaching 413.03 m2·g−1 for WH and 216.34 m2·g−1 for MC. However, larger average pore diameters were observed at higher activation ratios (5:1), measuring 8.38 nm for KOH/WH and 5.28 nm for KOH/MC. For both biomass-derived carbons, optimal electrical conductivity was obtained at a 2:1 activation ratio, with values of 14.7 × 10−3 S·cm−1 for KOH/WH and 8.42 × 10−3 S·cm−1 for KOH/MC. The electrochemical performance of coin cells based on cathodes composed of 85% LiFePO4, 8% of these activated carbons, and 7% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, with lithium metal as the anode were studied. The LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) cathodes exhibited specific capacities of up to 160 mAh·g−1 at a current rate of C/12 and 110 mAh·g−1 at 5C. Both LFP/MC and LFP/WH cathodes exhibit optimal energy density at specific values of pore size, pore volume, charge transfer resistance (Rct), and diffusion coefficient (DLi), reflecting a favorable balance between ionic transport, accessible surface area, and charge conduction. Maximum energy densities relative to active mass were recorded at 544 mWh·g−1 for LFP/MC 2:1, 554 mWh·g−1 for LFP/WH 2:1, and 568 mWh·g−1 for the reference LFP/graphite system. These performance results demonstrate that the development of high-performing bio-sourced activated carbon depends on the optimization of various parameters, including chemical composition, specific surface area, pore volume and size distribution, as well as electrical conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".