Outcomes of Fetuses with Mild Aortic Stenosis: A Multicenter Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Severe fetal aortic stenosis (AS) has been studied extensively; however, outcomes of fetuses with mild AS are unknown. With improvements in fetal imaging, more of these patients will be identified. This is the first retrospective cohort study evaluating outcomes in mild AS on initial fetal echocardiogram. METHODS: Patients with an initial fetal echocardiogram at 4 centers between January 2009 and January 2019 with mild AS (peak aortic valve velocity > 1 m/sec, antegrade aortic arch flow, and mild or no left ventricular [LV] systolic dysfunction) were included. Fetuses with worse than mild LV hypoplasia or other heart defects were excluded. Data were collected from the initial and final fetal echocardiogram, initial postnatal echocardiogram, and echocardiogram prior to either the first aortic valve intervention or at 1 year of life. The primary outcome was aortic valve intervention at 1 year. Investigators compared echocardiographic measures for those who did and did not undergo intervention using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: At the 4 participating centers over 10 years, there were 22 patients, with a median gestational age of 24.7 weeks (22.9, 27.3). Eight patients (36.4%) underwent a postnatal aortic valve intervention within the first year of life. Among these, 4 (50%) were considered to have critical (ductal-dependent) AS. There was a significant difference in aortic valve peak gradient between those who did and did not require an intervention on the initial fetal echocardiogram (P = .0017) and the final fetal echocardiogram (P = .0016). All patients with an aortic valve peak gradient >12.5 mm Hg on the initial fetal echocardiogram underwent intervention during the first year of life. Patients who underwent intervention also had a lower sphericity index on the initial fetal echocardiogram than those who did not (P = .045). CONCLUSION: Mild fetal AS is uncommon and has variable outcomes. Approximately one-third of our cohort underwent aortic valve intervention by 1 year of life. Aortic valve peak gradient and LV sphericity index, a relatively novel marker, appear useful in identifying fetal patients that may require intervention during infancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".