Planar Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells with Ring-Shaped Bipolar Electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells are demonstrated with circular driving electrodes and ring-shaped bipolar electrodes. The microfabricated electrode patterns enable the formation of seven to forty-nine concentric light-emitting rings across a large gap between the circular driving electrodes. Cells with BPEs exhibit vastly faster cell activation and much greater peak cell current. Cell activation in a PLEC constitutes in situ electrochemical doping and the formation of a light-emitting p–n junction. After junction formation, the PLEC can be discharged to produce an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ). Herein, we demonstrate that the discharging open-circuit voltage is directly proportional to the number of BPEs introduced and the number of junctions formed. A 49-junction cell exhibits a record-high discharging V OC of 98.5 V. Moreover, the activated cells can be frozen and operated as photovoltaic cells when exposed to light. Once again, a linear relation is observed between the photovoltaic V OC and the number of activated junctions. The 49-junction cell exhibits a photovoltaic V OC of 47.5 V, which increases to 64 V after partial dedoping to remove microshorts. These record-high V OC s are contributed by the multiple p–n junctions formed in series across the BPEs. This study showcases the versatility of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells in both device configurations and functionalities. The planar cell electrode pattern is highly scalable. This device configuration offers potential for an all-in-one device that can generate, store, and output electrical energy with variable voltage, eliminating the need for additional wiring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".