The effect of acute heat stress on the Chinook salmon immune system and their ability to combat Vibrio anguillarum infection and mortality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The frequency, duration, and intensity of heatwaves in western Canada is expected to rise in the coming years, and as a result, shallow streams will also experience drastic temperature fluctuations. This poses a problem for salmonids as encountering high water temperatures may increase their susceptibility to infectious disease. An environmentally applicable mock heat shock was performed on juvenile Chinook salmon and their immunological responses were measured for 14 days afterwards. Chinook salmon also received an injection of live Vibrio anguillarum after heat shock to determine if heat rendered them immunocompromised to systemic bacterial infection. il1b, il8, tnfa, il10, tgfb, hsp47, hsp70, and hsp90 transcripts were quantified by qPCR in the spleen, gills, and hindgut. Heat shock did not affect mortality rates due to vibriosis compared to controls. Additionally, heat shock mitigated the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses needed to combat infection by initially upregulating il1b, tnfa, il8, and il10, then returning to control levels by three days post-infection. Transcripts of hsp47 and hsp90 were upregulated in response to both heat shock and V. anguillarum . This research reports the first HSP47 protein measurements in Chinook salmon in plasma, which did not differ between any treatment groups. Plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations significantly increased, then returned to basal levels 6-hours post-heat shock. Altogether, these data indicate that the experimental heat shock had a positive preconditioning effect on Chinook salmon and provides new insights on the interactions between the host, environment, and pathogen over a 14-day period. • Acute heat shock in Chinook salmon infected with V. anguillarum does not affect mortality compared to non-heat shocked fish • Heat shock mitigated the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses needed to combat bacterial infection • Heat shock by itself shows few adverse effects to the immune system up to two weeks after treatment • Plasma cortisol and lactate levels increased six hours after heat shock, while glucose and HSP47 levels remained unchanged
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".