Embodiment of machine learning in biogas power industry: an opinion

In response to escalating environmental challenges and the global energy crisis, Europe has established ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the production of renewable energy. Biogas, derived from anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste, is poised to play a pivotal role in the transition towards a sustainable energy landscape and the circular economy.According to recent studies, biogas production not only mitigates greenhouse gas emissions but also contributes to waste management and energy security (Yao et al., 2023;Wang et al., 2022). Nowadays, research efforts focus on the implementation of machine learning (ML) techniques on the bioenergy systems (Yao et al., 2023). The use of ML tools and running the complex and time-consuming algorithms are facilitated by the nowadays increase computational power of computers providing accurate decision-making in energy industry (Wang et al., 2022). ML allows to use complex prediction models based on high-dimensional dataset to aid energy experts in process optimization (Ukoba et al., 2024). The demand for revolutionizing the bioenergy systems renders a necessity the development and implementation of novel ML-based approaches. Accuracy in metering of complex process parameters makes ML a powerful tool for the operators in the plant monitoring and the subsequent decisionmaking (Duchesne et al., 2020). ML can support the parameters' optimization of the reactors enhancing the efficiency of the power plant.The last decade, there has been an investigation on the optimization of anaerobic digestion (AD) process for biogas production (Habib et al., 2024). AD plant operations has also availed from the pioneering work on learning-based platforms, as ML demonstrates the shrewdness of the tools to embed big data and to leverage predictive learning that can support biogas plants (Wang et al., 2020).ML tools are increasingly being applied across three primary categories within the AD process: monitoring, modeling, and optimization. In monitoring, ML algorithms enable real-time data analysis, facilitating early detection of process anomalies and improving operational stability (Cinar et al., 2021). For modeling, ML techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) are used to predict biogas yield based on input parameters like substrate composition, temperature, and pH (Andrade Cruz et al., 2022). Optimization, on the other hand, leverages ML to fine-tune process parameters, enhancing biogas production efficiency and reducing operational costs (Kim et al., 2022).Despite the promising potential of ML in biogas production, several challenges persist. One major issue is the complexity of bioprocess data, which often requires extensive preprocessing before they can be used as input for ML models. We recognize the controversy regarding the interpretation of the experimental data for the replicable model implementation in industrial scale. Extracting, quantifying, and evaluating bioprocess features is crucial, as raw data from AD processes are often noisy and nonlinear (Beltramo & Hitzmann, 2019). Additionally, the lack of standardized datasets and the variability in feedstock composition further complicate the application of ML in full-scale biogas plants (Danish, 2023).The technology also needs to be further developed and popularized among biogas plants due to the dynamics of the AD process and the uncontrollable environment conditions (Beltramo and Hitzmann, 2019). These methods are criticized for oversimplifying uncertain process parameters and being unable to monitor the efficiency of bioreactor in the case of perturbations. However, ML-based tools can capture and evaluate a large number of discriminative features over time that are unable to be assessed by traditional methods.At the moment, although research points to many superior properties of AI, the field is still in its infancy with real-life application yet to surface. We believe that deeper investigation is required to compile insights from ML implementation in biogas production. This article briefly highlights intrinsic aspects of ML integration in biogas systems and provides authors' viewpoints on the potential use of ML in biogas industry.The gap amidst efficacy and reliability of learning algorithms calls into question whether the AI industry can drive the patronage of biogas industry, along with expunging the technological implications (Beltramo and Hitzmann, 2019). The biogas industry has ostensibly struggled with applicability disparities of AI approaches due to technical barriers and a compendium is timely adjudicating the ongoing debate for AI tools. An ample assortment of bioenergy applications, widening from the process monitoring to parameters selection, can be imputed to ML. The conundrum of innovative ML techniques and data quality management for process monitoring to parameters selection is challenging for the biogas producers (Khatri and Khatri, 2022). The bioenergy providers anticipate from ML tools manufacturers to embrace AI projects by accruing supplementary investments.An important problem in bioprocess optimization is subjectivity where an expert still has a higher chance of selecting of wrong parameters of a bioreactor compared to specialized software, although software can be based on subjective estimates. A variety of ML-based tools have been successfully applied in biogas production, each with its unique strengths. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are widely used for their ability to model complex, non-linear relationships in biogas production data (Barik & Murugan, 2015). Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are particularly effective for classification tasks and feature selection, making them ideal for optimizing substrate mixtures (Khatri & Khatri, 2022). Bayesian Networks (BN) offer probabilistic reasoning capabilities, which are useful for handling uncertainty in AD processes (De Clercq et al., 2020). Additionally, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XG-Boost) has shown promise in improving prediction accuracy by combining multiple weak models into a robust ensemble (Habib et al., 2024). These methods generate datasets, provide pattern recognition of these large datasets and translate the qualitative and largely subjective task into a quantitative and reproducible one. The field of ML aims to deliver estimates and process selection recommendations for biogas production with high levels of uncertainty (Ukoba et al., 2024). ML allows complex AD process models from high-dimensional datasets to aid engineers and operators in biogas yield prediction (Khatri and Khatri, 2022). Emerging breakthroughs in development of monitoring and optimization models for bioreactor efficiency is an intrinsic pillar for companies making energy ML-related products and services available to biogas power plants (Sonwai et al., 2023;Habib et al., 2024).These companies which develop software with sophisticated predictive models focusing on simplifying the anaerobic digestion process and removing constraints like waste composition analysis, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance. Kanadevia-INOVA (Switzerland) has developed the DPM AI system to increase the operational reliability and productivity of dry biogas plants. It is an inhouse development based on AI to early detect digester biology problems and is refitted to refitted to any biogas facility operating in continuous mode (Kanadevia-INOVA, 2023). BioGASMAS (Lithuania), is AI-powered analytics provider for biogas industry (BioGASMAS, 2021). Their product, BioGASMAS is a digital twin-based software which replicates functions and collects 1) data from sensors and 2) document-based data by plant team. Algorithms collate and leverage the data, with AIpower analytics enabling the development of predictive models that can support the biogas producers to identify trends and send alerts to responsible facility members. Anessa, (Canada) has developed the Anessa AD software based on digital twin technology for the monitoring of plant performance and optimization of plant layout. Specifically, it tests feedstock combinations, detects anomalies in gas production, temperature, pH and pressure and optimizes these process parameters (Anessa, 2024).The advent of AI has shown that bioenergy production systems can be improved as ML allows the parameters selection, process monitoring and optimization (Kim et al., 2022). Fundamental discoveries are perpetrated to subvert beleaguered energy process and ensure functionality of algorithms (Ukoba et al., 2024). The goal is to evolve the algorithms and use databases of multimodal datatypes. The quintessence of ML tools lifecycle in computational bioprocess modeling aims to enhance data vigilance and improve efficiency and validity (See figure 2). The convergence of ML innovation and bioinformatics research is intrinsic to fathom the strategy and deliver AI solutions.The dilemma on the dataset harvesting and their grafting is meticulous due to the specific data categorization into finite classes. Assiduous research efforts in global level create a sweeping basis for technological investments with the guarantee of reliable solution in order to spur up the field of AI.Focusing on churning out ML algorithms tailored to harness the power of AI to unleash information of vast amount of data, questions the claim if manufacturers can achieve an profitable cascading technological path (Duchesne et al., 2020). The attempt to implement AI practices is more than necessary for a radical veer to reliable decision support systems (Beltramo and Hitzmann, 2019). Process monitoring and optimization are the compelling catalyzers towards ML-based platforms development. Scientific hubs anticipate from European funding schemes the potency to embrace AI-oriented projects by accruing supplementary budgeting for ML platforms. The gap between research and commercialization calls into question whether bioenergy industry can drive the introduction of advanced decision making tools in bio power generation (Liao and Yao, 2021).Technological advancements in ML, referred to by some as the critical juncture of the bioenergy production, have led to the pledge that computational engineers will expand the ambit of end-solutions (Yao et al., 2023). The advent of ML may enhance the biogas industry and the ailing bioenergy arena.The ML solutions hinged on the complex interplay between data preprocessing and learning. A cardinal number of ML-cognate objectives and meddlings limns the status quo; it has been immensely alluded that utilization of ML prediction tools for yield prognosis availed the power sector.A sublime number of studies for contemporaneous research on AI may herald the unprecedented industrial focus on ML tools-akin biogas production (Khatri and Khatri, 2022;Habib et al., 2024).The application of ML tools can lead to better biogas production efficiency which can be used to finetune a proper parameters package. The technological deadlock in data reliability resulted in drastic pursuance for fusion of different ML tools. Future ventures of ML may reinforce their competitiveness in bioenergy sector.The development of ML is involved in marginalization enhancing the accuracy and the calibration of the models. Thus, ML approaches s have been used for the enactment of predictive model for several parameters in AD such as substrates and inoculum characteristics, temperature, reactor configuration, pH, HRT and OLR (See appendix 1). Tufaner and Demirci (2020) applied non-linear regression models (LMM/three layers FFN) to predict biogas production rate from anaerobic hybrid reactor treating synthetic waste water. They used several process parameters (such as pH, alkalinity, OLR, COD, volatile solids) as input variables applying 60 datasets. It is worthwhile to mention that ANN have been widely implemented for the prediction of the biogas plants' performance (Barik and Murugan 2015;Flores-Asis et al. 2018;Beltramo, T., Klocke and Hitzmann 2019;Ismail et al. 2019;Neto et al. 2021), however, researchers reported the lack of reliability when it comes to the interpretation and pattern recognition of large datasets.The perpetration of scientific consortia is regarded a crucial impetus for the developers to ponder efficient computational approaches in bioenergy analytics and invest in AI field. When it comes to experiential applications for decision support in biogas sector, stakeholders' interest for innovative ML tools has seemed to corroborate. ML techniques have been implemented in biogas production and optimization using the substrates characteristics as input variables (Ghatak and Ghatak, 2018;Almomani 2020). Sonwai et al. (2023) followed the RF approach with 14 datasets to determine critical factors related to biogas yield and examined their impact on the anaerobic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Feed-forward Ann approach was also implemented to predict the biogas generation rate from the co-digestion of rice silage and vegetable residues (Singh and Uppaluri, 2023). Researchers concluded that using the substrates attributes as input variables in the models provided a more accurate interpretation on the diverse demands of bioreactor feeding.ML tools manufacturers for bioenergy operations are ideating ML as an nascent solution for probabilistic inference that can aid decision making in operations. The promise of ML application is tantalizing due to their ability to intuitively encapsulate the causal nexus between biogas plant factors that are stored in data portfolio (De Clercq et al. 2020). Previous research studies have colligated that ML is intuitive fashion compared to many other ML techniques providing solutions for decision support. Enhancing efforts for ML-based modeling strategies is conceivable; however, contemplating business like practices is vital to reroute the process decision making field into a profitable trajectory (Offie et al. 2023).The selection of machine learning algorithms for optimizing biogas production necessitates a critical analysis of their advantages and limitations. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) excel at modeling complex nonlinear relationships in large datasets, making them ideal for predicting biogas yield under variable operational conditions (Andrade Cruz et al., 2022). However, their "black-box" nature impedes result interpretability-a significant challenge in industrial settings where transparency is critical for decision-making (Beltramo & Hitzmann, 2019). In contrast, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) offer superior interpretability and efficacy in classification tasks, particularly with moderatedimensional data, but their performance degrades with excessively large or noisy datasets (Khatri & Khatri, 2022).Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) emerge as a promising alternative for simulating dynamic operational scenarios in biogas plants, enabling real-time optimization of parameters like hydraulic retention time (Amin et al., 2024). Yet, their implementation demands high computational costs and extensive training data, limiting feasibility for small-scale or resource-constrained facilities (Safari et al., 2024). While ANNs and SVMs are more accessible for budget-limited projects, GANs represent a strategic investment for large-scale plants aiming to maximize efficiency through synthetic data generation and digital twins (EcoData, 2023).Algorithm selection hinges on project-specific objectives. For real-time monitoring and anomaly detection, SVMs may prove more suitable due to their robustness with incomplete data (Cinar et al., 2021). Conversely, ANNs are preferable for modeling systems with interdependent variables (e.g., substrate composition and environmental conditions) (Dominguillo-Ramírez et al., 2023). Though less mature in industrial applications, GANs offer unique potential for bioprocess innovation-provided technical and economic barriers are overcome (Amin et al., 2024). This comparison underscores the need for hybrid approaches that leverage each algorithm's strengths to address the multifaceted challenges of sustainable biogas production.Although transition to ML has constraints and strives, unequivocal technological strategy is pivotal for the creative fecundity and maturity of ML approached in biogas production. Technological advancements and scientific breakthroughs in AD process avow the applicability of ML with Big Data, fact that that necessitates the confluence of ML techniques. Technological abeyances delay the use of ML, however, painstaking race of scientific AI-hubs and focal ML research-oriented efforts are perpetrated to ensure their implementation in biogas sector.Contentious arguments over the translation of ML algorithms, at the same time jeopardize the commercialization of these tools. As referred from several studies, comprehension of AD variables and conditions may improve the ML algorithms development, being the essence of the issue (Wang et al., 2020).The clustering of these techniques is the sine qua non for the correct use of the machine learning in biogas plants optimization. The maneuverability of the ML to add a new piece of evidence requires a fairly small number of probabilities and edges in the graph and circumvents complicated steps for their extension. The graph is a crucial component to expedite a compact representation of the knowledge surrounding the system. Looking to a later levy, leveraging ML renders a sparking change for a data-driven tools with process risk averseness.We believe that one of the major obstacles to implementing artificial intelligence in biogas plants is the lack of universal protocols for data collection and storage. According to Cinar et al. (2021), fewer than 30% of European plants use compatible formats, hindering the development of scalable predictive models. This issue is further exacerbated by the absence of sector-specific regulations defining mandatory measurement parameters (International Energy Agency, 2022). A potential emerging solution is the development of cloud-based platforms like BioGasML, which provides standardized templates for recording critical variables such as pH, temperature, and substrate composition (Safari et al., 2024).Conversely, institutional investments in AI literacy are undeniably crucial, bridging the gap between theoretical potential and practical implementation requires standardized frameworks tailored to biogas systems. Recent initiatives like the EU OpenBiogas API (European Biogas Association, 2023) demonstrate how blockchain-based interoperability can mitigate data fragmentation, yet sector-wide adoption remains limited. 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