Contentious Trade Politics in the USMCA Protest Cycle: Rethinking Transnational Activism in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
North America has been the site for three successive protest cycles revolving around the politics of international trade over the past four decades, including the Canada–United States Trade Agreement (CUSFTA), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and most recently the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). This chapter analyzes transnational activism that challenged the USMCA, documenting ways that activists carved out space for different forms of cross-border advocacy and collaboration in this third North American trade protest cycle. Applying concepts from Tarrow’s “new transnational activism,” two main arguments are advanced: (1) that actors from Canada, the United States, and the Mexico did not stand helplessly by while the USMCA was negotiated and implemented, but rather engaged in protest to secure more favorable outcomes in interactions with state authorities (material, symbolic, and/or emotional); and (2) that the organizations and groups involved demonstrated social resilience in an age of insecurity and neoliberal crisis, sustaining and advancing their well-being in the face of challenges to their economic or symbolic status through transnational activism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".