Evidence that freshwater mussels attempt temporal partitioning of their host fishes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freshwater unionid mussels, which have parasitic glochidia larvae, often occur in multispecies mussel beds where they likely compete for host fishes. The temporal dynamics of glochidia release was examined at 2-h intervals over ten, 24-h periods in the Sydenham River, Ontario, Canada from late August through September 2020 using a rosette water sampler. A total of 6104 glochidia from 17 species were identified morphometrically and these were dominated numerically by four species (Eurynia dilatata; Ortmanniana ligamentina; Epioblasma triquetra; and Cyclonaias tuberculata). The total glochidia abundance was greatest during the night, 20:00 h (± 1 h) local solar time (LST) in part because of the dominant species. Conversely, the abundance of glochidia from individual species was not uniform temporally among days (p < 0.001) nor time-of-day (p < 0.001) but appeared to coincide with the reported diel activity periods (i.e., diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal) of the host fishes for 10 species. The abundance of glochidia peaked at different times in unionid species that shared hosts (five cases), suggesting an attempt to partition host fishes temporally. Whereas temporal partitioning of hosts could ultimately provide a mechanism by which multiple species of unionids coexist in the same habitat, this is remarkable because glochidia release occurs over longer temporal scales (i.e., weeks), and there is limited gill-space on host fish, especially small individuals that may not have acquired immunity. Recognizing the temporal dynamics of glochidial abundance in multispecies mussel beds will inform conservation approaches that address mussel-host fish relationships in this imperiled taxon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".