Differences in inflammatory markers, mitochondrial function, and synaptic proteins in male and female Alzheimer's disease <i>post mortem</i> brains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Inflammation and mitochondrial impairments are suggested to underlie Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. This study examined whether metabolic, synaptic, and inflammatory markers in AD differed from non-demented brains. METHODS: Male and female AD brains were analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based cytokine, and mitochondrial respiration analysis. RESULTS: AD brains had greater Akt phosphorylation, but only AD males had greater downstream mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation. AD females showed lower mitochondrial complex IV respiration. AD brains had greater expression of synaptic markers α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, glutamate receptor 1, and synaptophysin, while AD females had a higher expression ELKS1. Microglial expression was lower in AD gray matter, AD females had higher microglial expression in white matter, while cytokine interleukin 2 content was greater in AD brains. DISCUSSION: Markers of impaired insulin signaling, impaired mitochondrial function, and greater neuroinflammation were found in AD brains. Female brains had greater differences in metabolic signaling than males and this dysregulation is unique/worse with AD. HIGHLIGHTS: Neuroinflammation and metabolic function are worse with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Female brains exhibit more distinct changes in metabolic signaling than males. Female brains have worse metabolic changes with AD. Harmful inflammatory and mitochondrial signaling may promote AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".