Photoinactivation of influenza viruses by modulated indoor daylight spectrum and intensity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Influenza claims over 290,000 lives annually, and the annual flu season remains a major public health challenge. Within the domain of health-focused architectural design, indoor daylight emerges as a potential shield against microbial threats. Yet, a significant gap in our understanding remains: the effect of indoor daylight on viruses. To bridge this knowledge gap, we used a living lab setup to investigate the impact of modulated indoor daylight on the stability of genomic material and persistence of infectivity of enveloped influenza A and B viruses, along with the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS2 on an environmental surface of glass. Indoor daylight modulation showed capacity for viral inactivation with differential activity depending on spectrum, intensity, and duration of exposure. Intensity was the most impactful, significantly reducing the infectivity of influenza A virus and both the infectivity and amount of recoverable genomic material of influenza B virus following 8 h of exposure. Even at low-intensity light, comparable to light passing through traditional blinds, spectrum-modulated, blue-enriched light significantly reduced the infectivity of influenza A and B within 8 h. Moreover, for all viruses, the infectivity declined before the stability of genomic material, suggesting a mechanism of photoinactivation via the disruption of viral proteins involved in infection. This research emphasizes the paramount importance of considering daylighting conditions as a strategic approach to control infectious disease transmission in built environments. Our findings not only underscore this significance but also offer innovative pathways to transform indoor spaces into safer, healthier environments for everyone.IMPORTANCEThis study examined the interplay between indoor daylighting and viruses, specifically influenza A, influenza B, and MS2 bacteriophage in a simulated indoor environment on a surface material of glass. It demonstrated that indoor daylight modulation was able to inactivate influenza A and B following 8 h of exposure at high-intensity and low-intensity blue-enriched light; however, the stability of genomic material of influenza A was unaffected until at least 24 h of exposure. These results, which focus on differences between stability of genomic material and infectivity, provide deeper insight into viral photoinactivation mechanisms, and the use of a living-lab setup lays the foundation for a framework for healthy building design using indoor daylight modulation for infection control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".