Detection of carbapenemase-mediated antimicrobial resistance using surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating rapid and precise detection methods. One widespread mechanism of AMR involves bacterial production of β-lactamase enzymes which render β-lactam antibiotics ineffective. The ability of β-lactamases with carbapenemase activity to degrade carbapenems, β-lactams used as antibiotics of last resort, is of particular concern. Carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) cause infections with high mortality rates, hence, their timely detection is of utmost importance. Here, we applied surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to the detection of carbapenemase activity, where our data reveal that enzyme-catalyzed carbapenem hydrolysis results in distinct spectral fingerprint changes. We capitalize on this finding by illustrating an experimental methodology implementing SERS that permits the detection of CPOs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".