Synthesis and quaternization of poly(vinyl benzyl chloride-co-3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl] trimethoxy silane) for inhibiting bacterial growth on dental implants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dental implants are widely used to treat tooth loss, but because their surface is exposed to the oral environment, they are vulnerable to microbial colonization. To combat this, recent efforts have focused on engineering implant surfaces with antimicrobial properties. This work involved the synthesis of an antimicrobial coating by quaternizing the copolymer of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) and [3-(Methacryloyloxy)propyl]trimethoxy silane (MPS) of varying alkyl chain lengths. The MPS-VBC copolymer was synthesized using free radical polymerization, and quaternized to form ammonium salts of varying chain length ( n ): Trimethylamine (n = 1) , Triethylamine ( n = 2 ) and N,N -Dimethyl octylamine ( n = 8 ). The quaternized ammonium salts (QAS) were characterized using 1 H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The antimicrobial effects of the QAS having different chain lengths were tested against both grampositive and gram-negative bacteria using different concentrations. The QAS with a chain length of n = 8 achieved a 99.9999 % reduction in E. coli and S. agalactiae , and a 99.99 % reduction in S. aureus . In contrast, QAS with shorter chain lengths (n = 1,2 ) showed no reduction in bacterial cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be less than 10 mg/mL for all strains used in this study. The toxicity of our synthesized QAS was evaluated using Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The QAS showed no cytotoxicity at MIC and MBC concentrations. This study opens pathways for using QAS in dental and oral pathways as they proved to be non-toxic when used orally. • An antimicrobial coating for dental applications using quaternized (VBC -co- MPS) were synthesized. • The antimicrobial efficacy with respect to chain length was investigated against E. coli, S. agalactiae and S. aureus . • Cytotoxicity was assessed using Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity as a biomarker. • GST activity of the QAS confirmed no cytotoxicity at MIC concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".