Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solar flares are broadly classified into the impulsive flares and the gradual flares. Of these, the process by which ions are accelerated to high energies in the impulsive flares are not well understood. To elucidate this process, it is important to detect solar neutrons produced by solar flares. For this reason, we have installed instruments in high mountains all over the world to continue the observation. The solar activity in the 25th solar cycle is now approaching at the peak, and X-class flares are frequently observed on the solar surface. As a result, high-energy ions are arriving on the Earth stations many times. In this paper, we report the neutron associated events at Mt. Norikura Observatory (2,700m) during 2004. These events were recorded on May 8 (X1)(twice), May 11 (X5.8), Oct 24 (X3.1) of 2024 and solar neutron decay proton event(SNDP) were recorded also in the neutron monitor at Calgary(SNDP) on May 11 of 2024. Note that 1mˆ2 area 50cm thick scintillator and 12NM64 neutron monitor are currently used. They are automatically operated by the solar power generator in the winter season. We believe that our experience will be useful for other observing projects without electricity. Therefore, we also describe the details of this observation system in the paper.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".