Formulation, characterization, evaluation of rosmarinic acid loaded phytophospholipid complex for improved antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, exhibits significant antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic properties. However, its therapeutic potential is often limited by poor bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of RA by formulating a rosmarinic acid-phytophospholipid complex (RA-PC) using the solvent evaporation method. The complex was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), zeta potential analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm its formation and assess its physicochemical properties. Comparative biological assays were conducted to evaluate the antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic activities of pure rosmarinic acid (PRA) and RA-PC against standard drugs, captopril and acarbose, respectively. The results demonstrated that RA-PC exhibited significantly enhanced efficacy compared to PRA. The observed improvement is attributed to the phospholipid layer in RA-PC, which facilitates better permeation through biological membranes and increases RA's bioavailability. The study concludes that phytophospholipid complexation is a promising strategy for overcoming the limitations associated with the bioavailability of herbal compounds. The RA-PC formulation not only enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of RA but also suggests a broader potential for the application of phytophospholipid complexes in the development of herbal drug delivery systems. These findings open avenues for further research into optimizing and scaling up such formulations for clinical use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".