Single-Beat Myocardial Infarction Detection and Localization Using PSO-Optimized Extra Trees on 15-Lead ECG
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the advancement of wearable healthcare devices in recent times, there is a growing potential to revolutionize the current strategies of the detection of cardiac anomalies such as myocardial infarction (MI), making it viable to monitor out-of-the-hospital patients using conventional as well as unconventional and pseudo-electrocardiogram (ECG) leads. However, most of the MI detection and localization techniques which are available in the literature to date are based on either all the 12 conventional ECG leads, or subsets of thereof. A few single-lead ECG-based techniques are also there, but their accuracies are not satisfactory. On the contrary, this paper demonstrates a machine learning model that classifies MI from a single ECG beat of any of the 15 ECG-leads, including the 12 conventional leads and 3 vectorcardiogram (VCG)-leads, as available in the publicly accessible Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Diagnostic ECG Database. In this proposed technique, first, the R-peaks are detected, and the arrhythmic beats are identified and excluded using a Ramanujan filter bank-based periodicity estimation technique. Next, a few hand-crafted features are extracted from the detected ECG beats and a set of important features are identified. Finally, Extra Trees classifier-based machine learning models with optimized hyperparameters, obtained using the particle swarm optimization technique, are developed utilizing these hand-crafted features for the detection and localization of MI. High F1-score and Matthew’s correlation coefficient corroborate the reliability of the proposed algorithm in both intra- and inter-patient paradigms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".