Apparent predation of a bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) calf by a Grizzly Bear (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) in southwestern Yukon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) predation on American Bison (Bison bison)—particularly calves—was likely once common.However, with the range-wide collapse of bison near the close of the 19th century, the two species no longer co-occur across much of their current distributions. Over the past 60 years, efforts to reintroduce bison to their native range have resulted in a few small areas where the two species once again co-occur. Yet, predation of bison by bears is apparently rare and has not been observed outside Yellowstone National Park, where both species have existed for millennia. On 28 June 2023, we observed an adult male Grizzly Bear protecting a buried bison calf that it had apparently killed in Yukon, Canada. This is the first observation of apparent predation of a bison by a Grizzly Bear outside Yellowstone National Park. Our observation further highlights how reintroduced bison are becoming integrated into local food webs, which is a key indicator of ecological restoration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".