38 Increasing dietary amylose increases hindgut fermentation of starch and thereby alters microbial metabolites, gut immunity, and energy metabolism in weaned pigs.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Starch with increasing ratio of amylose to amylopectin decreases ileal starch digestibility in pigs. Microbes in the large intestine ferment undigested starch producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Benefits of SCFA for gut health stimulated interest in dietary strategies to increase carbohydrate fermentation and thus SCFA concentration in the gut. This study elucidated effects of increasing dietary amylose on nutrient digestibility, metabolite profiles, gut immunity, and lipid metabolism in weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 32) were randomly fed 1 of 4 diets containing 67% purified starch varying in amylose content (0, 20, 35, or 70%) for 21 d. Pigs were euthanized to collect digesta, feces, blood, and tissue samples for measuring starch digestion, metabolite profiles, and genes associated to metabolite transport, butyrate production, gut immunity, and lipid metabolism. Increasing dietary amylose quadratically decreased ileal digestibility of starch (P < 0.001) and quadratically increased hindgut fermentation of starch (P < 0.001) and cecal (P < 0.001) and colonic (P < 0.05) digesta SCFA concentration. Increasing dietary amylose upregulated expression of SCFA transporters in the mid colon (P < 0.05) but downregulated GPR109A in the proximal colon (P < 0.05). The 35%-amylose diet upregulated mucosal expressions of tight junction proteins in ileum and proximal colon (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary amylose quadratically downregulated expression of fatty acid synthase in abdominal fat and liver (P < 0.05) and quadratically increased butyrate production pathway genes (P < 0.05). Total SCFA concentration was negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05). Butyrate concentration was positively correlated with mucin-2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing dietary amylose enhanced hindgut starch fermentation and total SCFA levels in weaned pigs. The increased carbohydrate fermentation was associated with increased butyrate production enzymes and improved gut health mechanisms including maintenance of gut barrier function and reduced proinflammatory cytokine. High-amylose starch reduced lipogenesis by downregulating lipogenic enzyme gene expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".