Effects of acute ketone monoester ingestion on heart rate, blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest and stress in healthy adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exogenous ketone supplementation can impact cardiovascular regulation, but the effects on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) remain unknown. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind design, 19 participants (23 ± 4 years.; female: n = 9) ingested an oral ketone monoester (KME; 0.4 g/kg) or isocaloric, isovolumetric placebo. Blood pressure, heart rate, brachial artery blood flow, and MSNA (microneurography; n = 14) were assessed at rest before and after ingestion and during two laboratory stressors: 2-min static handgrip exercise and 2-min of mental arithmetic. Capillary β-hydroxybutyrate increased 20 and 40 min post KME ingestion versus placebo (both, p < 0.001). Compared to placebo, KME had no effects on resting mean arterial pressure (Placebo: 78.3 ± 9.3 to 80.2 ± 10.5 mmHg; KME: 76.3 ± 8.3 to 79.5 ± 8.8 mmHg; interaction p = 0.32), heart rate (Placebo: 64.6 ± 12.3 to 69.6 ± 11.0 bpm; KME: 65.3 ± 10.6 to 72.6 ± 11.3 bpm; interaction p = 0.30), or MSNA burst frequency (Placebo: 17.7 ± 7.3 to 17.7 ± 6.7 bursts/minute; KME: 17.5 ± 6.1 to 18.2 ± 7.0 bursts/minute; interaction p = 0.72). Resting brachial artery blood flow and vascular conductance changed over time but did not differ between conditions (interactions, both p > 0.40). Neuro-cardiovascular responses during exercise (interactions, all p > 0.72) or mental stress (interactions, all p > 0.44) did not differ between conditions. Compared to placebo, acute KME ingestion did not modulate neuro-cardiovascular measures at rest or during stress in healthy young adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".