Rail Freight Transport Market Liberalization After Two Decades of Its Beginning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been almost 2 decades since the opening of the rail freight market in the EU came into force. The individual Member States have put different liberalization measures into practice, and the situation on the market still varies from country to country. Efforts to create a single European rail market therefore still seem to be unfulfilled, while, at the same time, the call for a shift of freight transport from road to rail in the context of the European Commission’s decarbonization targets is growing stronger. This paper provides a detailed overview of the rail freight market liberalization process and new market entrants in the EU Member States. A trend analysis of the time series was carried out, taking into account the current status of liberalization measures and the development of transport services since 2007. The resulting model uses cluster analysis as the main approach for grouping the countries based on the similarities in the rail freight market, taking into account the performance indicators, the number of licensed railway undertakings in the market and their evolution, and, last but not least, the change in the modal share of rail transport during the period considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".