Direct and Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis from Air and Water with Sulfur-Deficient MoS<sub>2</sub> Piezocatalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Eco-friendly ammonia (NH 3 ) production is critical for advancing sustainable agriculture and industry. This study introduces a sustainable, cleaner approach using MoS 2 nanoflowers (NFs) to synthesize NH 3 directly from water and air without the need for sacrificial agents. The advanced design leverages double sulfur vacancies (V2s) in MoS 2 NFs (V2s-MoS 2 NFs) and their piezoelectric properties, achieving a noteworthy production efficiency of 8374.8 ± 140.1 μmol L –1 g –1 h –1 (absolute production rate of 0.84 ± 0.01 μmol h –1 ). This outperforms most existing photocatalysts and piezocatalysts and rivals advanced electrocatalysts. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability, producing 36.55 mmol L –1 g –1 (equivalent to an absolute yield of 3.655 μmol) with N 2 and 26.03 mmol L –1 g –1 (equivalent to an absolute yield of 2.603 μmol) with air over 8 h. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed intensifying peaks at ∼819 and 993 cm –1 under N 2 gas, attributed to Mo–N stretching vibrations. Additionally, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy showed N 2 adsorption configurations, including side-on adsorption, indicative of N≡N bond elongation on the catalyst surface. Density functional theory calculations corroborated these findings, illustrating how unpaired Mo d orbital electrons near sulfur vacancies activate N 2 dissociation via backdonation to N 2 ’s antibonding π orbitals. This research highlights the transformative potential of piezocatalytic systems for nitrogen reduction reactions using atmospheric N 2 and water, providing a basis for sustainable energy solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".