Direct and Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis from Air and Water with Sulfur-Deficient MoS<sub>2</sub> Piezocatalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Eco-friendly ammonia (NH 3 ) production is critical for advancing sustainable agriculture and industry. This study introduces a sustainable, cleaner approach using MoS 2 nanoflowers (NFs) to synthesize NH 3 directly from water and air without the need for sacrificial agents. The advanced design leverages double sulfur vacancies (V2s) in MoS 2 NFs (V2s-MoS 2 NFs) and their piezoelectric properties, achieving a noteworthy production efficiency of 8374.8 ± 140.1 μmol L –1 g –1 h –1 (absolute production rate of 0.84 ± 0.01 μmol h –1 ). This outperforms most existing photocatalysts and piezocatalysts and rivals advanced electrocatalysts. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability, producing 36.55 mmol L –1 g –1 (equivalent to an absolute yield of 3.655 μmol) with N 2 and 26.03 mmol L –1 g –1 (equivalent to an absolute yield of 2.603 μmol) with air over 8 h. In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed intensifying peaks at ∼819 and 993 cm –1 under N 2 gas, attributed to Mo–N stretching vibrations. Additionally, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy showed N 2 adsorption configurations, including side-on adsorption, indicative of N≡N bond elongation on the catalyst surface. Density functional theory calculations corroborated these findings, illustrating how unpaired Mo d orbital electrons near sulfur vacancies activate N 2 dissociation via backdonation to N 2 ’s antibonding π orbitals. This research highlights the transformative potential of piezocatalytic systems for nitrogen reduction reactions using atmospheric N 2 and water, providing a basis for sustainable energy solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".