p-Blend: Privacy- and Utility-Preserving Blendshape Perturbation Against Re-Identification Attacks in Virtual Reality
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we propose p-Blend, an efficient and effective blendshape perturbation mechanism designed to defend against both intra- and cross-app re-identification attacks in virtual reality. p-Blend provides privacy protection when streaming blendshape data to third-party applications on VR devices. In its design, we consider both privacy and utility. p-Blend not only perturbs blendshape values to resist re-identification attacks but also preserves the smoothness of facial animations and the naturalness of facial expressions, ensuring the continued usability of the data. We validate the effectiveness of p-Blend through extensive empirical evaluations and user studies. Quantitative experiments on a large-scale dataset collected from 45 participants demonstrate that p-Blend significantly reduces re-identification accuracy across a range of machine learning models. While pure-random perturbation fails to prevent attacks that exploit statistical features, p-Blend effectively mitigates these risks in both raw and statistical blendshape data. Additionally, user study results show that facial animations generated from p-Blend-perturbed blendshapes maintain greater smoothness and naturalness compared to those using purely random perturbation. The codes and dataset are available at https://github.com/jingwei1016/p-Blend.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it