Shake it off: behavior of a freshwater snail during and after parasite exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Snails serve as important intermediate hosts for a number of ecologically important trematode species. Despite this, few studies have considered how snails behave in the presence of parasites. Here, we use a common genus of host snail, Physa Draparnaud, 1801, and echinostome parasites to explore how snails respond to parasite exposure. To examine this relationship, we exposed 26 Physa snails to echinostome cercariae, a larval parasite that actively pursues and encysts within snails. The behavior of exposed snails was recorded and compared to the behavior of unexposed snails ( N = 26). Snails exposed to parasite cercariae displayed significantly more shell shaking, more surfacing, and less time foraging than unexposed snails. Snails were additionally monitored for behavioral changes several days after infection; however, no behavioral impacts persisted beyond the initial exposure period. These results suggest that shell shaking, commonly assumed to be an antipredator response, may be a general response to mechanical stimulation including parasite exposure. The combination of these behaviors is likely to have ecological ramifications including altered interactions with predators and changes in snail foraging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".