Experimental and theoretical quantification of in-situ crushing characteristics of irregularly-shaped particles under multi-axis pressure with X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and discrete element method (DEM)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, an integrated and robust framework has been developed to experimentally and theoretically quantify the in-situ crushing characteristics of irregularly-shaped particles under reservoir conditions. Experimentally, a multi-axis pressure loading system was customized to evaluate the in-situ crushing behaviour of packed proppants utilizing the X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis. Based on the reconstructed CT images, the particle crushing behaviour was evaluated and analyzed, and its key parameters (e.g., failure modes, particle size distribution (PSD), and mean coordination number (CN)) were quantitatively determined. Based on force chain and fracture propagation dynamics, theoretically, the discrete element method (DEM) has been employed to generate irregularly-shaped particles and thus confirm their morphologies of the reconstructed images so as to determine the simulation parameters. Particle failure modes are found to be influenced by both particle morphology and pressure loading conditions. Stress propagates along the force chains and then extends in chain-like or networked patterns. Along these paths, the principal stress directions of individual proppants vary, resulting in diverse failure modes. The crushing process transitions from a dynamic state to a steady one, during which sub-particles generated from crushed particles are compacted under the applied load and filled the entire pore spaces. Such compaction increases the overall average CN, while higher CNs are less likely to crush the larger particles in a given system. With lateral confining stress, the internal force chain network of the packed proppants is found to be more homogeneous, leading to the strain hardening effect and significant improvement of the compressive strength. • In-situ crushing characteristics of irregularly-shaped proppants under reservoir conditions was quantified. • Multi-axis crushing tests were integrated with μCT scanning to visualize and quantify the in-situ fracture dynamics. • Such scanned 3D morphology of particles was digitized and encoded as customized functions. • Crushing dynamics of irregularly-shaped proppants were described as a function of confining pressure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it