Experimental evidence of detailed balance in granular systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The principle of detailed balance (DB) states that every kinetic transition in a system with many micro-states, $$\mu $$ , is balanced, on average, with the opposite transition, $$\mu _i\leftrightharpoons \mu _j$$ . The current perception is that, on the scale of the most elementary degrees of freedom, DB is satisfied only in equilibrium systems, although a rigorous proof exists only for thermal systems. It is believed that, on this scale, non-equilibrium steady states can only be balanced by cycles, such as $$A\rightarrow B\rightarrow C\rightarrow A$$ . We report here experiments on a family of out-of-equilibrium quasi-statically cyclically sheared granular systems, which appear to show robust DB. We then analyse in detail the concept and interpretation of DB and show that our systems are the exact equivalent of chemically reactive systems in thermal equilibrium. We therefore conclude that our non-equilibrium systems do indeed satisfy this principle. We further study the approach to DB as a function of system size and time. Given the significant progress to which this principle has led in equilibrium systems, these observations may pave the way for better models of the dynamics and statistical mechanics of these and potentially other non-equilibrium systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it