Insulin modulates MMP-2 and 9 activities through the control of oxidative stress in the heart of diabetic rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of insulin therapy on oxidative stress markers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 activities, and cardiac remodeling in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups ( n ≤ 14 animals), for 30 days: control (CON; saline, IP); diabetes mellitus (DM; alloxan 60 mg/kg, IP); and insulin-treated diabetic (DINS; NPH insulin 4 U, twice daily, IP). After the treatment, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, and plasma and heart were collected for biochemical, histological, and enzymatic analysis. Compared to DM, the DINS exhibited improved body and heart masses, as well as reduced food intake. Insulin significantly decreased glycemia, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. The antioxidant defenses were enhanced (increased catalase activity and concentrations of reduced glutathione), while the oxidative damage was reduced (decreased protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations). Histological analysis revealed a reduction in the inflammatory nuclei and collagen deposition. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were lower in the DINS compared to the DM. The insulin treatment attenuated oxidative stress, modulated MMP activity, and collagen accumulation in the heart of diabetic rats. These findings support the potential role of insulin in mitigating diabetes-induced cardiac remodeling through redox balance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".