Comparative assessment of active compounds in Solidago species from the flora of the Republic of Moldova
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. Solidago virgaurea (European goldenrod) and Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) are two plant species that have been extensively investigated for their complex phytochemical profiles, particularly represented by flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and essential oils with notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Material and methods. Goldenrod plants were collected during the flowering period (2019-2024), S. virgaurea obtained from spontaneous flora and S. canadensis from the Scientific-Practical Center in the Domain of Medicinal Plants of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy. The macroscopic analysis was performed using specific morphological indices of the Herba vegetal product, while the microscopic examination was performed on superficial preparations and cross-sections of vegetal material using a Micros microscope equipped with a digital imaging system. Dry extracts were prepared using repeated maceration, followed by phytochemical investigations employing qualitative color and sedimentation tests, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (for total polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids, and saponins), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for essential oils. The antioxidant potential was assessed in vitro using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay and the metal chelation method. In vivo pharmacological studies included antimicrobial activity, assessed via serial dilution in liquid nutrient media, and anti-inflammatory activity, evaluated using the xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and the carrageenaninduced paw edema model in rats. Results. The biological, macroscopic, and microscopic investigations established reliable diagnostic criteria for the clear differentiation and identification of Herba-type vegetal products derived from the two Solidago species from the Moldovan flora. Qualitative phytochemical screening using specific color and sedimentation reactions confirmed the presence of flavonoids and triterpenic saponins in the examined vegetal products. Quantitative ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that S. canadensis contained relatively higher levels of bioactive compounds-flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, saponins, and carotenoids-and exhibited greater antioxidant activity compared to S. virgaurea. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis showed that the essential oils of both species differ more quantitatively than qualitatively. Both Solidago species exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. Conclusions. The results of this complex study support the selection of the vegetal product Solidaginis canadensis herba as a promising candidate for the local pharmaceutical industry, serving as a valuable source of new local plant-derived antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial drugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".