Support-free fabrication of IN625 low-angle overhang structures using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Support-free IN625 overhang bars (60 × 10 × 7 mm 3 ) were successfully fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), achieving a minimum overhang angle of 5° at 30 µm layer thickness and 10° at 60 µm layer thickness. Supported bars were also fabricated to conduct a systematic comparison. Residual stress analysis revealed an increase in residual stresses with decreasing overhang angles. The downskin surface topography exhibited pronounced stair-stepping effects and powder adhesion, especially at low angles. Microstructural characterization confirmed columnar grains spread through the bulk region and small equiaxed grains in the downskin region of the low-overhang angle bars. While the primary dendrite arm spacing remained consistent within the bulk, it increased in the downskin region due to reduced heat dissipation. Correspondingly, the micro-hardness remains consistent in the bulk region, it decreases in the downskin region for the overhang angles below 30°. Uniaxial-tensile tests demonstrate consistent strength, while elongation is higher for increased overhang angle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".