Rapid skull decalcification for improved ultrasound transmission in brain imaging and histotripsy: A proof-of-concept study in rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging and therapy of the brain is impeded by the reflection and attenuation characteristics of the skull, especially for high frequency imaging. In this study, the potential utility of surgically thinning and chemically decalcifying a region of skull bone was explored acutely in rats in vivo. It was found that thinning the skull to approximately 35 μm thickness and decalcifying with 20 % ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for at least 30 min effectively rendered the treated bone acoustically transparent for 5.4 MHz ultrasound therapy (histotripsy) signals and for 30 MHz ultrasound imaging signals. Simultaneous low intensity 1 MHz sonication of the site accelerated the process to achieve skull transparency levels at 15 min that were similar to 30 min without sonication. There was histological evidence of tissue damage caused by EDTA solution on the surface of the brain, depending on treatment duration. The long-term significance of this tissue effect and the longevity of the ultrasound transmission improvement are not yet clear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".