CO <sub>2</sub> -injected cement paste: insights into microstructural and chemo-mechanical changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microstructural and chemo-mechanical phase characterization of cement paste injected with CO2 was performed in this study using analytical techniques such as nanoindentation, SEM-EDS, and ICP-OES. Quantitative evidence of the formation of carbonates through CO2 mineralization was obtained, with CO2-injected pastes showing 0.5–1.5% (by volume) higher carbonates than control pastes (within the expected range based on the dosage). The carbonates precipitated mostly around the cement grains and appeared in locations also corresponding with high density and lower Ca/Si C-S-H, forming a reinforced product with relatively higher indentation modulus. This improvement in nanomechanical property also fostered corresponding improvements in the macromechanical properties such as bulk modulus and compressive strength. The findings from this study improve the overall understanding of the CO2-injected cementitious systems and can potentially assist their widespread adoption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".