How Ice Composition Controls Radiatively Driven Convection Under Lake Ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Light transmission through the ice cover of lakes can heat near‐surface waters and result in radiatively driven convection (RDC), a prominent source of under‐ice water motion in spring. We investigate the impact of ice composition on the under‐ice water column using fully resolved two‐dimensional numerical simulations of the water that account for light attenuation by both ice and water. Increasing the amount of opaque white ice (relative to that of transparent black ice) decreases thermal forcing of the water and delays Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities and convective mixing. Other key environmental factors include the attenuation length scale of light and initial stratification of the water column. We determine whether and when (a) the water column first becomes unstable and (b) RDC is initiated. Notably, RDC is delayed by a period of growth of a gravitationally unstable layer. These findings have implications for the cycling of nutrients and gases, and wider ecosystem dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".