Eastward transients in the dayside ionosphere. I. Electrodynamics on closed field lines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At night in Earth's polar regions, energetic aurorae frequently penetrate into the atmosphere, with the peculiar effect of driving turbulent electrojet currents in the bottomside ionosphere. During the day, however, Earth's plasma environment becomes highly conductive, owing to the constant flux of extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted from the Sun. The high-conductivity plasma in the dayside ionosphere can effectively short out plasma turbulence around aurorae, and so electrojet turbulence is thought rare in the dayside high-latitude ionosphere. In this paper we show observations to the contrary. During the onset of the 23 April 2023 geomagnetic storm, we observed prolific small-scale plasma turbulence in the dayside E region on closed magnetic field lines just equatorward of the cusp. Using data from two orbiting satellites, we infer the locations of the cusp and the distributed presence of diffuse aurorae, through observations of electron fluxes and wave-particle interactions near the magnetospheric equator, on nearby magnetic field lines. The resulting diffuse aurorae pass electric fields and produce unstable gradients in the plasma density. The number and intensity of the falling charges momentarily overwhelm the capacity of the lower ionosphere to extinguish the strong electric fields that follow from this action, spurring the growth of transient, turbulent electrojets, or Hall currents. In the 23 April 2023 case study, we establish a correlation between observations of chorus-wave activity near the magnetospheric equator and observations of turbulent electrojets in the ionosphere on closed magnetic field lines, from which we infer a causal chain where magnetospheric plasma waves ultimately drive small-scale turbulence in the ionosphere. We show how the predictions are brought to fruition in similar supporting events. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications that this discovery bears for the electrodynamics of the dayside ionosphere. In the following paper [M. F. Ivarsen, Phys. Rev. E 112, 045203 (2025)10.1103/3bzj-bsf8] we follow the lengthy argument to a logical conclusion, leading to an alternative description of electrodynamics in the cusp region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".