The Impact of International Contacts on the Development of Sport for the Blind and Visually Impaired in Poland in the 1970s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 1970s, sport for the blind and visually impaired became a full participant in the international sports movement of people with disabilities. During this period, blind and visually impaired athletes made their debut at the Paralympic Games (Toronto 1976) and specialist committees were established within the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind and the European Regional Committee of the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind to develop sport among blind people. In Poland, in the period discussed, the organization coordinating and supervising the development of sport for the blind and visually impaired was the Sports Association of the Workers' Cooperative “Start”, in the structures of which the Subcommittee for Sport for the Blind operated. The “Start” Association was an organization representing the community of blind and visually impaired athletes in international contacts, which were maintained on two levels. The first one was organizational, legislative and educational cooperation pursued by activists and coaches. Representatives of Poland took an active part in the work of sports committees operating at the above-mentioned international organizations, as well as established contacts with national organizations dealing with sport for the blind and visually impaired. In turn, the second level consisted in the contacts of athletes maintained through sports competition. In the period discussed the representatives of Poland took an active part in the most important sports events dedicated to the blind and visually impaired, including: the Paralympic Games, the Games of the Disabled with Various Conditions or the European Sports Games of the Blind, which Poland hosted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".