Electrochemical Production of >1 M Acid and Base from Neutral Salt at High Current Density and Low Energy Demand
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Consumption of acid and base drives chemical transformations underpinning industrial hydrometallurgical processes and many proposed carbon management technologies. Production of acid and base is the key driver of the energy demand, emissions, and waste generation of these processes. Generating acid and base electrochemically from salt solutions enables their production without stoichiometric waste using low-carbon power. However, conventional electrochemical approaches using ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) have an excessive energy demand, low productive current densities, and poor impurity tolerance. These shortcomings can be addressed by the diaphragm flow cell (DFC), which has a lower resistance and an improved impurity tolerance. Here we report an improved DFC design that produces a concentrated (1.1–1.5 M) acid and base from neutral salt at the lowest energy demand (0.051–0.067 kWh mol –1 ) and highest productive current densities (275–367 mA cm –2 ) reported to date at 70 °C, a realistic temperature for a scaled system. Using a continuum model, we show that the electrolyte residence time has a significant impact on current efficiency by controlling diffusive losses.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it