A green solvent processable, self‐doped N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester applied as a solar cell cathode interlayer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report a new amino‐bay‐substituted, N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester (NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H) with application as a cathode interlayer in organic photovoltaic devices. Synthesis from the parent N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester is presented alongside comprehensive structural characterization. Density functional theory calculations on NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H and related analogues, both with and without N‐annulation and amino‐bay substitution, show that N‐annulation locks the perylene core into a planar conformation even in the presence of a sterically demanding amino group. Steady‐state optical spectra reveal intramolecular charge transfer characteristics and a large excited‐state dipole moment. Solubility profiling establishes perylene butyl tetraesters as a highly soluble subclass of perylene dyes; NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H, in particular, dissolves readily in the green solvent ethyl acetate up to 168 mg mL −1 , enabling environmentally benign ink formulations. These inks were spin‐coated into uniform thin films on quartz and studied, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H as a paramagnetic species in the solid state. Utilized as a cathode interlayer in conventional organic photovoltaic devices, architectures containing NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H deliver power conversion efficiencies comparable to those using the benchmark cathode interlayer material PFN‐Br. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".