A green solvent processable, self‐doped N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester applied as a solar cell cathode interlayer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report a new amino‐bay‐substituted, N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester (NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H) with application as a cathode interlayer in organic photovoltaic devices. Synthesis from the parent N‐annulated perylene butyl tetraester is presented alongside comprehensive structural characterization. Density functional theory calculations on NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H and related analogues, both with and without N‐annulation and amino‐bay substitution, show that N‐annulation locks the perylene core into a planar conformation even in the presence of a sterically demanding amino group. Steady‐state optical spectra reveal intramolecular charge transfer characteristics and a large excited‐state dipole moment. Solubility profiling establishes perylene butyl tetraesters as a highly soluble subclass of perylene dyes; NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H, in particular, dissolves readily in the green solvent ethyl acetate up to 168 mg mL −1 , enabling environmentally benign ink formulations. These inks were spin‐coated into uniform thin films on quartz and studied, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H as a paramagnetic species in the solid state. Utilized as a cathode interlayer in conventional organic photovoltaic devices, architectures containing NH 2 ‐PTEN‐H deliver power conversion efficiencies comparable to those using the benchmark cathode interlayer material PFN‐Br. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".