<i>Operando</i> Micro- and Nano-Computed Tomography Reveals Silicon–Electrolyte Interface Dynamics and Anisotropic Contact Loss in All-Solid-State Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with silicon anodes offer high energy density and mitigate issues such as continuous solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. However, the evolution of the mechanical contact interface between silicon (Si) and the rigid solid electrolyte during cycling remains poorly understood. This study utilized operando synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) to achieve high-resolution, 3D visualization of the silicon–electrolyte interface during lithiation and delithiation. Micro-CT revealed that silicon particles retain partial contact with the solid electrolyte as they delithiate and shrink to form shell voids, preserving ionic conduction pathways. High-resolution nano-CT further revealed a thin, previously undetectable solid electrolyte layer that adheres to the surfaces of the silicon particles and helps maintain these contact points. Additionally, interfacial delamination of the silicon was found to be highly anisotropic, initiating from sides that were laterally unconstrained due to uneven mechanical pressure and reaction inhomogeneity. Meanwhile, the vertically compressed interface remained largely intact. These findings elucidate the morphological evolution of the Si/electrolyte interface in ASSBs and demonstrate that continuous ion transport can be partially maintained despite significant volume changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".