Biological sex impacts immune cell proportions and epigenetic profiles in the developing pediatric immune system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Age- and sex-related differences in immune cell compositions and immune outcomes have been identified across the life course, but a comprehensive and nuanced characterization of these changes during the rapid developmental window of early life is lacking. We explore immune associated DNA methylation (DNAm) changes in the context of age and sex leveraging whole blood samples collected at ages one and five from CHILD, a Canadian longitudinal pediatric cohort (n = 760: 356 female and 404 male). DNAm-based computational cell type deconvolution reveals significant changes in all estimated immune cell types across time, with notable sex differences. In addition, we identify distinct DNAm signatures reflecting age- and sex-associated immune profiles in early life. While age-related DNAm changes are relatively limited, sex-associated differences are consistent across this developmental window and partially validate in independent pediatric cohorts. Together, these findings provide insights into early immune system maturation, underscoring the presence of sex differences prior to puberty.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".