Adaptive morphological plasticity foreshadows local adaptation in an invasive freshwater fish ( <i>Salmo trutta</i> ): evidence from reciprocal transplants in nature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a key trait of successful invaders, enabling survival in novel environments during early colonization. This study investigates adaptive morphological plasticity in brown trout ( Salmo trutta), a globally invasive species, established in Newfoundland during the late 1800s using reciprocal transplant experiments. We assessed fitness-linked traits—particularly head and body shape—in both wild and lab-reared F1 fish released into three rivers with contrasting environments. Over 70 days, morphometric analyses revealed substantial shape plasticity. In the small, steep Middle Rocky Brook, fish developed larger heads and streamlined bodies; while in the larger, lower-gradient Rennies and Waterford rivers, fish had smaller heads and deeper bodies. These patterns are consistent with responses to hydrodynamic variation reported in prior work. Reaction norms indicated gene × environment interactions, and transplanted individuals often shifted toward the phenotype of local wild fish. Overall, results support a role for adaptive plasticity in enhancing survival during initial stages of invasion and suggest it may act as a precursor to local genetic adaptation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".