Far-Field Aeroacoustic Shape Optimization using Large Eddy Simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents a shape optimization framework that combines a Flux Reconstruction (FR) spatial discretization, Large Eddy Simulation (LES), the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) formulation, and the gradient-free Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS) optimization algorithm. We emphasize the necessity of duplicating the data surface to achieve accurate far-field noise prediction in spanwise periodic problems using the FW-H formulation. The proposed parallel implementation of the optimization framework ensures consistent runtime per optimization iteration, regardless of the number of design parameters, thereby addressing a common limitation of many gradient-free algorithms. The framework is demonstrated through far-field aeroacoustic shape optimization of NACA 4-digit airfoils at a Reynolds number of 23,000. The objective function minimizes the Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) at a far-field observer positioned 10 unit chords below the trailing edge, while preserving the mean lift coefficient and reducing the mean drag coefficient. The optimized airfoil achieves an OASPL reduction of 5 . 9 dB and over 14% decrease in mean drag, while maintaining the mean lift coefficient. These results underscore the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach for practical shape optimization applications. • First far-field aeroacoustic optimization using high-order large eddy simulation. • MADS optimizer with a runtime independent of the number of design parameters. • Affordable computational cost achieved with GPU-accelerated, parallel execution. • Duplicating the FW-H data surface to mimic an infinite span. • Significant far–field noise and drag reduction with lift constrained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".