Ambipolar Ion Transport Membranes Enable Stable Noble‐Metal‐Free CO <sub>2</sub> Electrolysis in Neutral Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) electrolysis traditionally relies on monopolar ion‐exchange membranes, including anion exchange membranes (AEM), cation exchange membranes (CEM), and a layered juxtaposition of two such monopolar membranes (bipolar membrane, BPM). The monopolar approach has worked well in water electrolysis in alkaline and acidic environments; however, in CO 2 electrolysis, alkaline conditions promote carbonate formation, reducing stability, while acidic media favor competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Here, ambipolar ion transport membranes (AITMs) are reported in CO 2 electrolysis. AITMs facilitate the free movement of ions and water between the cathode and anode, enabling stable CO 2 electrolysis with highly concentrated electrolytes. This results in low operating cell voltages and compatibility with Earth‐abundant anodes in pH‐neutral electrolytes. Using a membrane electrode assembly cell, the electrochemical CO 2 reduction is demonstrated in neutral media with a benchmark copper‐sputtered polytetrafluoroethylene cathode and a nickel anode, achieving a high Faradaic efficiency of 75% for C 2 products. This system operates at a current density of 110 mA cm −2 and a cell voltage of 3.15 V, maintaining a stable performance with a total operation exceeding 950 h. This work provides a pathway for stable CO 2 conversion at relatively high current densities using Earth‐abundant materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".