Optimizing Lithium Nucleation Overpotential in Anode‐Free Garnet‐Based Hybrid Solid‐State Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Anode‐free solid‐state lithium batteries promise high‐energy‐density storage but remain limited by unstable interfaces between the solid electrolyte and in situ‐formed lithium. In this work, a hybrid solid–liquid electrolyte strategy is developed using a localized high‐concentration electrolyte containing AlCl 3 and LiPO 2 F 2 , a trilayer garnet‐type Li 6.4 Ga 0.1 La 2.9 Ba 0.1 Zr 1.6 Ta 0.4 O 12 solid electrolyte. This configuration forms a mechanically stable and ionically conductive solid‐liquid electrolyte interphase, enabling 81% Coulombic efficiency after 300 cycles at 2 mA cm −2 and 1 mAh cm −2 in Cu/Li half‐cells. A single‐layer anode‐free hybrid solid‐state pouch cell demonstrated excellent long‐term cycling performance, retaining 75% of its initial capacity after 400 cycles at 1C (1.25 mA cm −2 ), with a Coulombic efficiency of 99% without external pressure and at room temperature. At the lab scale, this hybrid electrolyte approach shows both scalability and performance, providing a potential practical pathway to next‐generation anode‐free hybrid solid‐state lithium batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".