Effect of dense bone islands on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption during space closure with fixed orthodontic appliances: A longitudinal study on panoramic radiography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO), also known as "dense bone island," is a localized and well-defined radiopaque lesion often close to the radicular area of teeth. The present study investigated whether IO affected orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption during the closure of extraction spaces. METHODS: A total of 1624 pretreatment and posttreatment panoramic radiographs were retrospectively screened. Forty adolescents and young adults who received orthodontic treatment with symmetrical mandibular premolar extraction and presented with unilateral IO were selected. Extraction space width, tooth length, and tooth angulation were measured pretreatment and posttreatment. The tooth was also identified as passing through or not passing through the lesion. Changes in tooth length and angulation between the IO side and non-IO side were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The prevalence of teeth passing through and not passing through was compared using the binomial exact test. RESULTS: The size of the closed extraction space was similar on both sides (P = 0.605). Teeth on the IO side showed root resorption (P = 0.706) and angulation changes (P = 0.568) similar to those on the non-IO side. Among teeth having a clinically relevant movement, roots passed through the IO in 88% of the radiographs (95% confidence interval, 69.8%-97.6%, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In young patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions, IO may not considerably affect changes in dental angulation, root resorption, and the extent of tooth movement during closure of extraction spaces. However, approximately 12% of teeth may encounter difficulties in passing through the lesion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".