Characterizing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using quantitative MRI biomarkers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung disease that occurs due to structural changes to the parenchyma, airways and pulmonary vasculature, and consequent functional impairments to ventilation and perfusion. Although computed tomography (CT) imaging is the standard for assessing structural lung changes in COPD, it requires ionizing radiation and is unable to provide functional information without contrast agents. Conversely, there have been numerous developments for MRI of the lungs in the last several decades, allowing for the quantification of structural and functional abnormalities without ionizing radiation. Various quantitative MR (qMR) imaging biomarkers have been developed that describe parenchymal and airway structure as well as ventilation and perfusion within the lungs. These qMR imaging biomarkers have been investigated in individuals with COPD, reporting both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with important outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this article is to briefly review some commonly used MRI techniques that have been investigated for lung imaging and discuss commonly implemented qMR imaging biomarkers and their application in COPD. Additionally, this review will focus on gaps in the literature that should be addressed to allow for future widespread implementation of qMR imaging biomarkers in COPD-related research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".