A <i>Spinops sternbergorum</i> (Ornithsichia: Ceratopsia) parietal from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Muddy Lake, Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The upper Campanian deposits of the Dinosaur Park Formation at Muddy Lake, Saskatchewan, are known to contain thebones of one or more horned dinosaur species, but definitive diagnostic material has remained elusive. Here, we describe a newly recognized partial parietal from these deposits, bearing a single spike-like epiossification that projects posterolaterally from the frill margin. The element is most plausibly attributable to the centrosaurine Spinops sternbergorum, a species otherwise known only from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Juvenile ceratopsids appear to be relatively abundant at the Muddy Lake locality, which was proximal to the Western Interior Seaway. We suggest that such lowland coastal settings might have been important breeding grounds for horned dinosaurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".