Restaurant marketing to kids in Canada: associations with restaurant consumption and appealing restaurant advertisement features in a nationally representative sample of Canadian young people aged 9–17 years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Restaurant marketing to children may be associated with consumption. We examined whether and to what extent reported frequency of restaurant advertisements exposure was associated with consumption and money spent at all types of restaurants among children living in Canada. We also describe what children and youth report as appealing restaurant marketing techniques. DESIGN: This study reports findings from a cross-sectional, online survey. The survey covered reported exposure to restaurant marketing, restaurant product consumption, money spent at restaurants and appealing features of restaurant advertisements. Descriptive statistics and adjusted and unadjusted linear and logistic regressions were constructed. SETTING: Canadian provinces. PARTICIPANTS: 1500 children and youth aged 9-17 years. RESULTS: A third (32 %) of participants reported restaurant advertisement exposure at least once per day. Overall, 43 % of participants consumed restaurant products more than twice per week, 61 % spent at least some money at a restaurant in the last 7 d, and of those who spent money, the mean expenditure in the last week was $20·70. Frequency of advertisement exposure was significantly associated with all outcomes. Several significant differences in outcomes emerged by region, age and race/ethnicity. Pictures were the most appealing marketing technique among both age groups; however, youth (aged 13-17 years) seemed to prioritise price and price promotions, while children (aged 9-12 years) prioritised toys, humour and winning prizes. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of Canadian children and youth consumed restaurant offerings more than twice a week. Reported restaurant advertising exposure was significantly positively associated with restaurant consumption frequency and money spent at restaurants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".