U.S. territories: Their legal foundations and governance models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Five current permanently inhabited, “unincorporated” territories of the American Federation (the oldest and the most prominent federation of the world) make up what we know as the “U.S. territories”. They are like Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa and are similar to one another in many respects. All these localities are the centrally ruled territories like the “Union Territories” in India and “Territories” in Canada and Australia. Most of these are “Insular Possessions” that the United States has acquired from different countries from time to time. In fact, the U.S. territories occupy a unique / exceptional / peculiar position in the American Federal Framework. However, these territories grapple with democratic deficits, lacking full representation in the Congress and political rights enjoyed by the full-fledged States. In such a background, this research paper seeks to study and examine the U.S. territories: their background, legal foundations, governance structures and contemporary challenges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".