Influence of manufactured sand on concrete properties: a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural sand over-exploitation has led to the need for alternative fine aggregates in concrete production. Manufactured sand, by-products obtained from crushing coarse aggregates, is a promising alternative. This review synthesizes findings up to 2024 to evaluate its effect on concrete properties. Concrete performance was found to be significantly influenced by crusher type, particle morphology, and fines content. Vertical shaft impact crushers typically produce manufactured sand having better gradation and shape thus improved packing density and compressive strength in concrete. The increased angularity and fines content however reduce workability, requiring higher superplasticizer dosages. Incorporating 5%–15% fines, especially around 10%, enhances durability and strength, while optimal natural sand replacement lies between 30% and 50%. Majority of mixture designs are tailored for self-compacting concrete and ultra-high-performance concrete. There is a need for more standards considering manufactured sand as fine aggregates and conventional concrete mix designs accounting for the unique properties of manufactured sand to promote its mass adoption and usage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".