Thyroid Nodules: Reducing Overdiagnosis and Investigations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thyroid nodules (TN) are incredibly common, with approximately 5% of the population presenting with palpable TN. However, the widespread utilization of sensitive imaging techniques over the past few decades has led to a rapid increase in their prevalence. Notwithstanding the clinically palpable TN, the rate of incidental nodules picked up on imaging studies varies remarkably with the underlying imaging modality. For instance, the prevalence of TNs on computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck is reported to be 16.5%,3 FDG-PET to be 2% and on neck ultrasounds (US) well over 50%. The prevalence of TN is higher in females and increases with age, and while there has been little change in the overall reported incidence of palpable TNs, the rising prevalence can be almost exclusively attributed to the expanded use of imaging, particularly the widespread availability of sensitive US. It is estimated that over 60% of the population may have at least one TN.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".