Housing Quality and Affordability Among Same- and Different-Sex Couple Households
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within American society, marginalization shapes access to many needed resources. As the U.S. housing crisis has shown, the need for affordable, stable, safe housing is paramount. Given the severity of the current housing crisis, we seek to understand housing insecurity, particularly among LGBTQ+ adults. In this brief report, we draw upon nationally representative data from the 2019-2022 American Community Survey to provide an up-to-date overview of inequities in housing quality and affordability among same- and different-sex couple households. We find that different-sex married households had the lowest proportions of incomplete plumbing and kitchen facilities. In addition, over a quarter of both different-sex and female same-sex cohabiting couple households spend more than 30% of their household income on housing needs, while the lowest proportion of housing cost burden was among male same-sex married couples. Our exploratory analysis suggests opportunities for future investigations of factors related to housing insecurity among sexual minority groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".