BREATHING DURING EXERCISE: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY INTERACTIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under conditions of exercise the heart and lungs are linked in important ways. First, both the heart and lungs are linked in series as pumps for O2 and CO2 transport. Second they are mechanically linked owing to their location within the thorax. This means that changes in lung volume (and intrathoracic pressure) will influence cardiac filling and ejection. The respiratory muscles cyclically contract during exercise to allow for gas exchange. This ensures that the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood are largely kept within narrow limits, while the heart and circulatory system ensures gas transport to and from the tissues. The increase in metabolic rate during exercise requires substantial increases in both cardiac output and ventilation, meaning that cardiopulmonary interactions become more pronounced. In this review we explore they physiological interactions between the respiratory system and circulatory systems by asking two inter-related questions. First, what are the mechanical interactions between the respiratory and circulatory systems? Second, what are the respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor outflow and blood flow distribution during exercise? We end with a summary of recent studies that have addressed questions of respiratory-circulatory interactions with respect to sex differences and cardiopulmonary disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".